新一輪中考復(fù)習(xí)備考周期正式開始，中考網(wǎng)為各位初三考生整理了中考五大必考學(xué)科的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，主要是對初中三年各學(xué)科知識(shí)點(diǎn)的梳理和細(xì)化，幫助各位考生理清知識(shí)脈絡(luò)，熟悉答題思路，希望各位考生可以在考試中取得優(yōu)異成績！下面是《2018初中英語語法之做好非謂語動(dòng)詞考題的兩大法寶》，僅供參考！
通過對歷年高考英語非謂語動(dòng)詞考題的歸納和比較可以看出，每年差不多有三分之二的非謂語動(dòng)詞考題可能涉及以下“關(guān)系”：主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系以及動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系。如果同學(xué)們在做題時(shí)能充分注意這兩大“關(guān)系”，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行分組排除，然后結(jié)合其他非謂語動(dòng)詞的相關(guān)知識(shí)，攻克非謂語動(dòng)詞這一難點(diǎn)也就變得很容易了。
一、利用主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)關(guān)系
這里說的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系，指的是非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。若是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，非謂語動(dòng)詞就用主動(dòng)式；若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，非謂語動(dòng)詞就用被動(dòng)式。下面分三類舉例說明：
1. 涉及不定式的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)式
(1) I feel greatly honored _________ into their society. (北京卷)
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
答案為C。be (feel) honored后習(xí)慣上接不定式，故可排除B和D；又因?yàn)镮與welcome之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用不定式的被動(dòng)式。
(2) The message is very important, so it is supposed _________ as soon as possible. (陜西卷)
A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending
答案為A。be supposed后習(xí)慣上不接動(dòng)名詞，而接不定式，其意為“應(yīng)該做某事”，故可排除C和D；又因?yàn)?ldquo;消息”與“傳達(dá)”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)式。
2. 涉及動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)式
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _________ could be heard outside the classroom. (全國II)
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
答案為C。由于desks與open和close的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用被動(dòng)式，可排除D；又因?yàn)橛糜诮樵~of后作賓語，所以要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式或過去分詞，故可排除A和D，所以答案選C。
3. 涉及現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)式
_________ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. (北京卷)
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
答案為A。首先要排除B和C，因?yàn)锽為不定式，它用于句首時(shí)，通常是表示目的，在此不合句意；而C為動(dòng)詞原形，選它會(huì)構(gòu)成祈使句，一是句意不通，二是這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致前后兩句之間沒有連詞而出錯(cuò)。在剩下的A和D之間，只能選seeing，不能選seen，因?yàn)榫渥又髡Z是 I與see之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而非被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
【注意】由于過去分詞本身可以表示被動(dòng)，所以過去分詞不用被動(dòng)式，同時(shí)它也沒有被動(dòng)式。請看幾道相關(guān)的考題：
(1) The trees _________ in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南卷)
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
答案為B。由于trees與blow down之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。blown down in the storm在此用作定語，修飾the trees，相當(dāng)于定語從句which were blown down in the storm。
(2) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _________ as much as we can. (江蘇卷)
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
答案為C。由于English與speak之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。
(3) We finished the run in less than half the time _________. (江西卷)
A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows
答案為C。由于time與allow之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。in the time allowed意為“在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)”。
二、利用動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系
動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系在選項(xiàng)中的直接體現(xiàn)為一般式還是完成式。一般說來，當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，非謂語動(dòng)詞原則上要用完成式。
1. 涉及不定式的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _________ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (重慶卷)
A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought
答案為B。“be said+不定式”是英語中一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，其意為“據(jù)說”。其中的不定式是用一般式還是完成式，取決于該不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前還是之后。根據(jù)句意可知，buy birds肯定發(fā)生在過去，或者說發(fā)生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，故答案選B。又如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 據(jù)說布朗先生死于肝癌。
2. 涉及動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系
I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _________ when we talked on the phone. (江西卷)
A. to promote B. having been promoted
C. having promoted D. to be promoted
答案為B。由于動(dòng)詞mention后接動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式，故可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句意可知，句中的he與promote之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用被動(dòng)式，同時(shí)，由于“被提拔”與“提到”之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式，即答案選B。
3. 涉及現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系
(1) _________ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (陜西卷)
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
答案為C。根據(jù)句意可知，“我們”與“帶去參觀”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式，可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句中的then可知，前后動(dòng)作有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用完成式，故選C。
(2) _________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. (重慶卷)
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
答案為D。根據(jù)語境分析，“用電話聯(lián)系”與“發(fā)電子郵件”兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用完成式。
【注意】由于過去分詞本身可以表示完成，所以過去分詞不用完成式，同時(shí)它也沒有完成式。請看一道相關(guān)的高考題：
It is one of the funniest things _________ on the Internet so far this year. (浙江卷)
A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found
答案為D。由于things與find之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故可排除A和C。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該是這件有趣的事先被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，后才被人們談?wù)摚捎谶^去分詞沒有完成式，故用一般式表示完成，故選found。
