專(zhuān)題五 形容詞、副 詞
一、形容詞
1、 形容詞概述
形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。大部分形容詞直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征，有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot 熱的，beautiful美麗的。有的形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。例如：afraid害怕的，asleep睡著的。
2、 形容詞的用法
1)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前面。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為詞尾的詞語(yǔ)即復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后。
例如：What an interesting movie it is! 多有趣的一部電影啊!
There is nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.今天的報(bào)紙沒(méi)有什么有趣的內(nèi)容。
2)作表語(yǔ)放在系動(dòng)詞后面。
例如：The food smells delicious. 食物聞起來(lái)很香。
3)位于賓語(yǔ)后做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例如：You must keep your classroom clean and tidy.你們必須保持教室干凈整潔。
4)少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, well(健康的),ill，sorry，glad，sure，pleased等。
例如：He is alone in the classroom.他獨(dú)自在教室。
She has been asleep for three hours.她睡了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。
5)某些形容詞之前加上冠詞the表示一類(lèi)人，如 the rich, the poor, the young, the old, the deaf, the blind, the living, the dead, the hungry等。
例如：The rich should help the poor. 富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。
The young should be polite to the old.年輕人對(duì)老年人應(yīng)該有禮貌。
二、副詞
1、 副詞概述
副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，其他副詞或句子。
2、 副詞的分類(lèi)和用法
1) 時(shí)間副詞：如now，today，yesterday，soon等，在句子中擔(dān)任時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，是決定動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的主要依據(jù)之一。
例如：There is going to be a class meeting tomorrow.明天將有一個(gè)班會(huì)。
They visited the aquarium yesterday. 他們昨天參觀了水族館。
2) 頻度副詞：如sometimes，often, always, usually等，在句子中擔(dān)任時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，是決定動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的主要依據(jù)之一。
例如：They have never seen each other before.他們以前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
What do you usually do on weekends?你們周末通常做什么?
3) 地點(diǎn)副詞：如here, there, home, somewhere, anywhere，outside等，在句子中擔(dān)任地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
例如：I have looked for my pen everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.我到處找了我的鋼筆，但哪兒都沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
4) 方式副詞：如slowly, quickly, fast, luckily, easily等，在句子中擔(dān)任方式狀語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)副詞大都由“形容詞+ly”構(gòu)成。
例如：Please speak more slowly so that we can hear you clearly.請(qǐng)慢點(diǎn)說(shuō)以便我們能夠聽(tīng)清楚你說(shuō)的內(nèi)容。
5) 程度副詞：如very, quite, rather, too, much, so等，在句子中修飾形容詞或其他副詞，作狀語(yǔ)。
例如：It’s much too hot in Changsha these days.這些天長(zhǎng)沙太熱了。
The little boy can play the guitar very well.這小男孩吉他彈得非常好。
6) 疑問(wèn)副詞：如when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far，how old等，放在句首構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。
例如：How soon will your father be back home? 你爸過(guò)多久回到家?
How often do you go to the movie? 你們隔多久看一次電影?
7) 關(guān)系副詞：如when, where, why, how等，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)相關(guān)從句。
例如：What were you doing when the UFO landed? UFO著陸時(shí)你在干什么?
I ‘d like to go somewhere where people are friendly. 我想去人們友好的地方。
3、副詞的位置
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，很多副詞的位置比較靈活，在句子開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾都可以。但是請(qǐng)注意下面幾點(diǎn)：
1)頻度副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)放在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。
例如：He is never late for school.他上學(xué)從不遲到。
He usually goes to see his grandparents on Saturday. 他通常周六去看望爺爺奶奶。
2)enough修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)要放在被修飾詞的后面。
例如：The little boy isn’t old enough to go to school. 小男孩沒(méi)到上學(xué)的年齡。
He ran fast enough to catch the thief. 他跑得夠快，抓住了小偷。
三、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
1、 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成
絕大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)(原形)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，他們的構(gòu)成規(guī)則大致相同。列表如下：
表一：規(guī)則變化
|
|
構(gòu)成方法
|
原級(jí)
|
比較級(jí)
|
最高級(jí)
|
|
單音節(jié)
詞和少
數(shù)雙音
節(jié)詞
|
一般直接在詞尾加-er，-est
|
tall
short
|
taller
shorter
|
tallest
shortest
|
|
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的加-er，-st
|
nice
large
|
nicer
larger
|
nicest
largest
|
|
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，先改y為i，再加-er，-est
|
heavy
early
|
heavier
earlier
|
heaviest
earliest
|
|
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾、且詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加-er，-est
|
thin
big
|
thinner
bigger
|
thinnest
biggest
|
|
多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞（尤其是帶詞綴的雙音節(jié)詞）
|
在原級(jí)前加more，most
|
interesting
important
quickly
|
more interesting
more important
more quickly
|
most interesting
most important
most quickly
|
表二：不規(guī)則變化
|
原級(jí)
|
比較級(jí)
|
最高級(jí)
|
|
good, well
|
better
|
best
|
|
many, much
|
more
|
most
|
|
bad,ill, badly
|
worse
|
worst
|
|
little
|
less
|
least
|
|
far
|
farther較遠(yuǎn)（字面意義）
further進(jìn)一步（引申意義）
|
farthest最遠(yuǎn)（字面意義）
furthest最大限度（引申意義）
|
|
old
|
older年紀(jì)較大的（用于比較級(jí)）
elder較年長(zhǎng)的（只用作定語(yǔ)）
|
oldest年紀(jì)最大的（用于最高級(jí)）
eldest最年長(zhǎng)的（只用作定語(yǔ)）
|
2、形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法
1)兩者之間進(jìn)行比較用比較級(jí)。其常見(jiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：A +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+比較級(jí)+than+B。
例如：This tree is taller than that one.這棵樹(shù)比那棵樹(shù)高。
Lily has more friends than I. 莉莉比我朋友多。
Tom runs faster than Jim. 湯姆比吉姆跑得快。
注：可以用程度副詞a little, a lot, a bit, much, even, still, far等修飾比較級(jí)，表示比較的程度差異。
例如：It is much hotter in Changsha than that in Beijing in summer.長(zhǎng)沙的夏天比北京的夏天熱得多。
He studies English a lot harder than the other students in his class.他學(xué)英語(yǔ)比班上其他同學(xué)努力得多。
2)在三者或三者以上的人或物之間進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用最高級(jí)，形容詞最高級(jí)前必須加定冠詞the，副詞最高級(jí)前the可加可不加，句子中常有in或of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示比較的范圍。其常見(jiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+the+最高級(jí)+比較范圍。
例如：Changjiang is the longest river in China.長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。
Rruce runs fastest of the three. 布魯斯是三個(gè)人中跑得最快的。
3)表示A和B在某一方面相同或不及時(shí)用同級(jí)比較。其常見(jiàn)句型為：A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as+原級(jí)+as+B。其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為：A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(not)+as/so+原級(jí)+as+B。
例如：English is as important as Chinese.英語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)文一樣重要。
Math is not as interesting as History. 數(shù)學(xué)不如歷史有趣味。
He speaks English as well as Chinese. 他英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)得一樣好。
She doesn’t do her homework as carefully as her brother.她做作業(yè)不如她哥哥細(xì)心。
4)選擇疑問(wèn)句比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的句型分別為：“疑問(wèn)詞+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+比較級(jí)，A or B?”和“疑問(wèn)詞+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+最高級(jí)，A，B or C?”
例如：Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?太陽(yáng)或地球，哪個(gè)更大?
Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太陽(yáng)、地球或月亮，哪個(gè)最大?
Who plays soccer better, David or Martin?戴維或馬丁，誰(shuí)足球踢得更好?
Who plays soccer best, David, Martin or Bill?戴維、馬丁或比爾，誰(shuí)足球踢得最好?
5)表示“越……就越……”時(shí)，其句型為“the +比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)”。
例如：The more trees, the better. 樹(shù)木越多越好。
The harder you study, the better grades you will get. 學(xué)習(xí)越努力，成績(jī)就越好。
6)表示“越來(lái)越……”時(shí)，用比較級(jí)的疊加形式，即：比較級(jí)+ and+比較級(jí)。
例如：It’s getting hotter and hotter. 天氣越來(lái)越熱了。
The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 城市越來(lái)越漂亮了。
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練(2×50) 計(jì)分:
1 In Huaihua it’s ________ in summer, but it is even _______ in Changsha.
A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hotter C. hotter, hot
2 The sea looks very _____ when the sun is shining on it.
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. the most beautiful
3 Can you go shopping with me ? I have _______ to buy.
A. something useful B. useful something C. nothing useful
4 At my birthday party, my friend Helen is _______ to make us all _______.
A. enough funny, laugh B. funny enough, laugh C. enough funny, to laugh
5 The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. What _____ news to us all at that moment!
A. an exciting B. an excited C. exciting
6 His father began to work as ________ as he was seventeen.
A. old B. early C. far
7 Henry is a little _________ than Bill.
A. strong B. stronger C. strongest
8 ________, the healthier you will be.
A. The more money you get B. The taller you are C. The better habits you have
9 The doctor told Mary to eat _________ vegetables and _______ meat because she was getting fatter and fatter.
A. much; little B. more ; less C. many; few
10 ---What do you think of the lecture(演講) of Li Yang’s Crazy English?
---I think it’s ________, but someone thinks it’s much too _______.
A. wonderful enough; bored B. enough wonderful; boring
C. wonderful enough; boring
11 She told us a story. Her voice sounded ________.
A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly
12 ---I think our chemistry teacher is working hard. He teaches us _______.
---Yes, but he hasn’t come today. He doesn’t feel _______.
A. good; well B. well; well C. well; good
13 ---Mum, could I have an MP3 like this?
---Certainly, we can buy _______ one, but as good as this.
A. a cheap B. a cheapest C. a cheaper
14 This sweater doesn’t suit me. It’s a bit small. Could you give me ______ one?
A. a large B. a larger C. the largest
15 This math problem is ________ that one.
A. not so easy as B. more easy than C. easy than
16 When winter comes, the days get ________.
A. short and short B. shorter and shorter C. long and long
17 Paul is the _______ of the two children in his family.
A. most fattest B. fattest C. fatter
18 ---This cake is delicious. ---Well, at least it is ________ the one I baked last week.
A. as worse as B. as better than C. not worse than
19 They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _______.
A. much brighter B. more bright C. less bright
20 ---Why didn’t you enjoy the talk? ---It was ________ talk that I had ever listened to.
A. the most interesting B. the least interesting C. more interesting
21 Shanghai is bigger than _________ in Australia.
A. any city B. any cities C. any other city
22 ---You have got the same shirt as I ---Yes. Mine is ______, but not so ______ as yours.
A. better; expensive B. better; more expensive C. more better; expensive
23 Now the air in our town is _______ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it.
A. very good B. much better C. even worse
24 It’s _______ today than yesterday.
A. quite colder B. a little colder C. much cold
25 Who runs ______, Tom or Jim?
A. fast B. faster C. fastest
26 We should use ______ plastic bags to protect our environment.
A. more B. less C. fewer
27 ---________ is Lucky 52 shown on CCTV-2? ---Every week.
A. How far B. How often C. How long
28 My classmates don’t smoke. I don’t, ________.
A. too B. neither C. either
29 ---What do you think of the football match? ---Wonderful. They have never played ______.
A. best B. better C. worse
30 Though the player is over thirty, he can still run ______ some younger players.
A. as fast as B. so fast as C. much fast than
31 ---You are standing too near to the TV. Can you move a bit _______?
---OK, Mom. Is it all right here?
A. faster B. slower C. farther D. nearer
32 Though he has studied ____ at Russian for ten months, he can still _____ speak the language.
A. hard; hard B. hardly; hardly C. hard; hardly
33 Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can run ______ to catch up with him.
A. fast enough B. enough fast C. slowly enough
34 Of all the students, Linda draws ________ carefully.
A. most B. much C. more
35 Wang Ping does ______ in physics of all the subjects.
A. badly B. most badly C. worst
36 ---How does Bill drive now, Sue? ---He drives _______ me.
A. much more careful than B. as careful as C. even more carefully than
37 Please write to me as______ as possible.
A. soon B. quickly C. fast
38 ou will realize the importance of mastering a foreign language ______ in the future.
A. sometime B. some times C. sometimes
39 It’s _______ a beautiful stamp.
A. quite B. too C. very
40 Bob never does his homework _______ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as
41 Among the three boys he works perhaps the ____________.
A. hard B. harder C. hardest D. most hard
42 She always finishes her homework on time. She _______ leaves it for tomorrow.
A. always B. never C. usually
43 The more we look at the picture, ______.
A. the better we liked it B. the less we like it C. we like it less
44 Who used to get up ________ in your class during the summer trip?
A. earlier B. earliest C. the most early
45 ---Do you prefer music to drawing? ---No. I like drawing _______.
A. well B. most C. better
46 Don’t worry. We’ve got ________ for all of you.
A. big enough a room B. enough big a room C. a big enough room
47 Can you imagine that _______ little ants can carry ______ many big worms?
A. so; so B. such; such C. such; so D. so; such
48 ---Did Han Meimei pick a lot of apples?
---Yes. She picked _______ than any of us.
A. many more B. much more C. the most
49 ---Who jumped the _______ of all in the long jump? ---Li Lei did.
A. longest B. longer C. farthest
50 Beijing has _____ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours.
A. so B. very C. too
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