停課不停學，新型冠狀病毒的初中英語知識點請收好(3)

　　The World Health Organization offered guidance to countries on how they can prepare for it， including how to monitor for the sick and how to treat patients.

　　Here are seven things you should know about a coronavirus.

　　What is a coronavirus

　　Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. In rare cases， they are what scientists call zoonotic[？z？？？？n？？t？k]（人畜共患病）， meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans， according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　Coronavirus symptoms（癥狀）

　　The viruses can make people sick， usually with a mild（輕度） to moderate（中度） upper respiratory tract illness（上呼吸道疾病）， similar to a common cold. Coronavirus symptoms include a runny nose， cough， sore throat， possibly a headache and maybe a fever， which can last for a couple of days.

　　For those with a weakened immune system， the elderly and the very young， there's a chance the virus could cause a lower， and much more serious， respiratory tract illness like a pneumonia or bronchitis [br？？？ka？t？s]（支氣管炎）.

　　There are a handful of human coronaviruses that are known to be deadly.

　　Middle East Respiratory Syndrome（中東呼吸綜合征）， also known as the MERS virus， was first reported in the Middle East in 2012 and also causes respiratory problems， but those symptoms are much more severe. Three to four out of every 10 patients infected with MERS died， according to the CDC.

　　Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome（嚴重急性呼吸綜合征）， also known as SARS， is the other coronavirus that can cause more severe symptoms. First identified in the Guangdong province in southern China， according to the WHO， it causes respiratory problems but can also cause diarrhea [？da？？？ri？]（腹瀉）， fatigue （疲勞）， shortness of breath， respiratory distress （呼吸窘迫） and kidney failure （腎衰）. Depending on the patient's age， the death rate with SARS ranged from 0-50% of the cases， with older people being the most vulnerable.

　　How it spreads

　　Viruses can spread from human contact with animals. Scientists think MERS started in camels， according to the WHO. With SARS， scientists suspected civet cats （貍貓） were to blame.

　　When it comes to human-to-human transmission of the viruses， often it happens when someone comes into contact with the infected person's secretions [s？？kri？？(？)n]（分泌物）.

　　Depending on how virulent [？v？r？l？nt] （有毒的）the virus is， a cough， sneeze or handshake could cause exposure. The virus can also be transmitted by touching something an infected person has touched and then touching your mouth， nose or eyes. Caregivers （護理人員） can sometimes be exposed by handling a patient's waste， according to the CDC.

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